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	<description>Organisations, Cultures, 21st Century</description>
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		<title>Rework.fr : l&#8217;entreprise apprenante selon Octo</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/25/rework-fr-lentreprise-apprenante-selon-octo/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/25/rework-fr-lentreprise-apprenante-selon-octo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 May 2012 07:18:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Francais]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[37Signals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[agile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[enterprise]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geeking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[leadership]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Au terme de la session de préparation de l&#8217;USI 2012, François Hisquin a offert aux futurs conférenciers (dont votre serviteur) ce petit ouvrage qui dépeint la culture de l&#8217;entreprise qu&#8217;il dirige : Octo Technology. Je me suis souvent demandé lors de la lecture de Rework (par 37Signals), quel pourrait donc être l&#8217;équivalent français de ce [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5265&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.amazon.fr/Partageons-ce-qui-nous-d%C3%A9partage/dp/2952589526"><img class="alignnone" title="partageons ce qui nous départage" src="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Couverture.png" alt="" width="300" /></a></p>
<p>Au terme de la session de préparation de l&#8217;<a title="usi 2012" href="http://www.usievents.com/fr/conferences/11-paris-usi-2012">USI 2012</a>, <a title="françois hisquin" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/03/31/usi-2012-entretien-avec-francois-hisquin/">François Hisquin</a> a offert aux futurs conférenciers (dont <a title="hypertextual usi 2012" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/03/11/universite-du-si-2012/">votre serviteur</a>) ce petit ouvrage qui dépeint la culture de l&#8217;entreprise qu&#8217;il dirige : <a title="octo technology" href="http://www.octo.com/">Octo Technology</a>.</p>
<p>Je me suis souvent demandé lors de la lecture de <a title="rework" href="http://www.amazon.com/Rework-Jason-Fried/dp/0307463745">Rework</a> (par <a title="37Signals" href="http://37signals.com/svn/">37Signals</a>), quel pourrait donc être l&#8217;équivalent français de ce livre. Synthétique, inspiré, drôle, traitant de front des problèmes empoisonnant la vie des organisations et proposant des solutions pratiques.</p>
<p>Pour dire la vérité, je me suis même parfois, sous le coup d&#8217;accès de découragement, demandé si j&#8217;aurais le temps durant ma vie professionnelle de le voir paraître. Et bien voilà : cela s&#8217;intitule <a title="partageons ce qui nous départage" href="http://www.amazon.fr/Partageons-ce-qui-nous-d%C3%A9partage/dp/2952589526"><em>Partageons ce qui nous départage</em></a> et c&#8217;est un ouvrage court, collectif et représentatif de ce que peut être une entreprise française agile &#8230;  <span id="more-5265"></span></p>
<p><strong>Narration polyphonique</strong></p>
<p>Très souvent, les ouvrages de management sont théoriques et utilisent des études de cas pour asseoir leur proposition. Etudes de cas desquelles le narrateur est souvent étranger en ce qu&#8217;il n&#8217;a pas été directement impliqué. Cela peut donner une vision légèrement tronquée ou tout au moins partisane du cas.</p>
<p>Ce livre est rédigé par une vingtaine de collaborateurs de l&#8217;entreprise, toutes directement concernées par le sujet dont elles traitent. Chaque sujet est écrit sous forme de vignette d&#8217;une ou deux pages, sans que l&#8217;on en connaisse l&#8217;auteur. La multiplication des perspectives subjectives donne ainsi une vision croisée tout en conservant une certaine homogénéité, à travers des traits communs forts : enthousiasme, humour, curiosité.</p>
<p>On appelle cela de la culture d&#8217;organisation et c&#8217;est remarquable.</p>
<p><strong>Lecture Rapide</strong></p>
<p>Il s&#8217;agit là d&#8217;un ouvrage éminemment pratique. Compter environ 90mns de lecture (et une bonne vingtaine de fous rires, <em><a title="concretement" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/concretement">concrètement</a></em>).</p>
<p>Chaque texte (il y en a une cinquantaine) expose un problème, une solution, une référence théorique sur le sujet ainsi que des suggestions pour que le lecteur puisse mettre en oeuvre tout de suite le principe proposé. Le tout en une ou deux pages efficaces et actionnables, une approche pédagogique comparable à celle de l&#8217;ouvrage de <a title="jason fried" href="https://twitter.com/#!/jasonfried">Jason Fried</a> et <a title="david heinemeier hansson" href="https://twitter.com/#!/dhh">David Heinemeier Hansson</a>.</p>
<p>Mention spéciale à ce sujet sur les méthodes <a title="ROTI" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/le-roti-est-servi">ROTI</a>, <a title="intention check" href="http://www.mccarthyshow.com/online/">Intention Check</a>, <a title="vis ma vie octo" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/vis-ma-vie">Vis Ma Vie</a> ou, la <a title="boite à meuh" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/meuh">Boîte à Meuh</a> ou comment intégrer une culture saine et transparente avec de simples outils de communication.</p>
<p><strong>Creating Passionate Coders</strong></p>
<p>Chacune des interventions est illustrée. Cela permet d&#8217;aérer la mise en page et de contribuer à la dimension particulièrement ludique de l&#8217;ouvrage. Là encore, on retrouve un point commun avec Rework.</p>
<p>Les illustrations, malicieuses et pince-sans-rire,  évoquent les visuels utilisés par l&#8217;immense <a title="kathy sierra" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Sierra">Kathy Sierra</a> pour ses <a title="head first series" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/category/series/head-first.do">Head First Series</a> et pour un des meilleurs blogs de marketing des années 00s (aujourd&#8217;hui au point mort, hélas) : <a title="creating passionate users" href="http://headrush.typepad.com/">Creating Passionate Customers.</a></p>
<p><strong>Du panache</strong></p>
<p>Le livre va jusqu&#8217;à décrire le processus de sa propre réalisation. Un processus forcément agile : par petits lots (des textes courts),  incrémental, remontant la qualité au plus tôt (relectures croisées), <em>timeboxed</em> (une date butoir fixée 3 mois après le départ) comme pour bien montrer que l&#8217;entreprise aligne ses actes sur ce qu&#8217;elle prêche.</p>
<p>Du panache que l&#8217;on retrouve dans le très beau texte sur l&#8217;idée de la sollicitation de Neil Armstrong pour la première édition de l&#8217;USI, idée qui semblant folle au départ (<em>Seul le non est acquis</em> en est son titre) s&#8217;est avérée non seulement possible mais c&#8217;est, au final réalisée.</p>
<p>Panache que l&#8217;on retrouve aussi dans la mise en pratique du fameux principe de <a title="vineet nayar" href="http://www.vineetnayar.com/">Vineet Nayar</a> (<a title="les employés d'abord" href="http://www.amazon.fr/Les-employ%C3%A9s-dabord-clients-ensuite/dp/2354560311">Les employés d&#8217;abord, les clients ensuite</a>) dans le texte <a title="le jour où j'ai dit non à un client" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/le-jour-ou-jai-dit-non-a-un-client">Le Jour où j&#8217;ai dit non à un client</a>.</p>
<p>Panache enfin qui transforme une activité <a title="le jour ou j'ai dit oui" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/le-jour-ou-j%E2%80%99ai-dit-oui-a-octo">d&#8217;alimentaire en funky </a>et qui pousse des équipes passionnées à terminer leur texte durant leur vacances, comme l&#8217;avoue honteusement<a title="david alia" href="http://www.linkedin.com/pub/david-alia/1/5a9/170"> David Alia</a>, le leader du projet.</p>
<p><strong>L&#8217;entreprise apprenante</strong></p>
<p>On pourra bien entendu m&#8217;objecter qu&#8217;il peut s&#8217;agir d&#8217;une simple vitrine d&#8217;une entreprise qui n&#8217;y expose que les voix alignées avec la stratégie de communication. N&#8217;en demeure pas moins qu&#8217;Octo a été élue <em>Best Place To Work</em> ces deux dernières années et il n&#8217;est pas scandaleux d&#8217;établir un lien de causalité entre l&#8217;enthousiasme qui déborde de cet ouvrage et ce résultat notable.</p>
<p>Seule ombre au tableau : le titre. Ou pour le formuler selon le <a title="perfection game" href="http://partageons-ce-qui-nous-departage.com/perfection-game">Perfection Game</a> : j&#8217;aurais mis 10 avec un titre moins alambiqué et plus accrocheur. <em>Partageons ce qui nous départage</em> ne rend pas hommage à l&#8217;esprit vif et frondeur du livre.</p>
<p>Ce que l&#8217;on retient au bout du compte est une dynamique collective d&#8217;amélioration continue ou chacun se repose sur l&#8217;autre pour s&#8217;améliorer, apprendre et apprendre encore (l&#8217;open bar pour les livres est très représentatif de cette curiosité insatiable). Le petit exercice spontané d&#8217;introspection collective qu&#8217;a suscité ma présentation est tout à fait représentatif de cette dynamique.</p>
<p>Une confiance palpable, des limites assumées (le texte <em>eco-illogique</em>) et un questionnement incessant (sur la documentation) tout cela concourt à donner l&#8217;image d&#8217;une organisation apprenante, ludique et vertueuse, dont le management a fait sienne cette maxime de <a title="bob sutton" href="http://bobsutton.typepad.com/">Bob Sutton</a> : <a title="great boss are confident but not really sure bob sutton" href="http://blogs.hbr.org/sutton/2010/07/a_great_boss_is_confident_but.html">Great boss is confident but not really sure</a>.</p>
<p>Du beau travail.</p>
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		<title>Citation du Dimanche &#8211; Fujio Cho</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/20/citation-du-dimanche-fujio-cho/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/20/citation-du-dimanche-fujio-cho/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 May 2012 10:21:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Francais]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[agile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[leadership]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[management]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thehypertextual.com/?p=5236</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[“We get brilliant results from average people managing brilliant systems. Our competitors get average results from brilliant people working around broken systems.” &#8220;Nous obtenons d&#8217;excellents résultats de personnes normales gérant des systèmes géniaux. Nos concurrents obtiennent des résultats moyens de personnes excellentes utilisant des systèmes défectueux.&#8221; Fujio Cho, Président du directoire de Toyota Une citation [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5236&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://photos.lucywho.com/fujio-cho-photo-gallery-c13528803.html"><img class="alignnone" title="Fujio Cho" src="http://img1.bdbphotos.com/images/orig/h/1/h1bmn3lge7ool3eb.jpg" alt="" width="280" /></a></p>
<blockquote><p><em>“We get brilliant results from average people managing brilliant systems. Our competitors get average results from brilliant people working around broken systems.”</em></p>
<p><em>&#8220;Nous obtenons d&#8217;excellents résultats de personnes normales gérant des systèmes géniaux. Nos concurrents obtiennent des résultats moyens de personnes excellentes utilisant des systèmes défectueux.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote>
<p><a title="fujio cho" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujio_Cho">Fujio Cho</a>, Président du directoire de Toyota</p>
<p>Une citation tirée du livre blanc &#8220;<a title="lean product management" href="http://www.280group.com/lean-product-management-book/">Lean Product Management</a>&#8221; [EN], et un principe qui est pronfondément inscrit dans la culture de développement logiciel Agile, culture où, la aussi, le culte du héros ou de l&#8217;expert qui va sauver le monde est mis à mal.</p>
<p>L&#8217;objectif dans les deux cas (Lean et Agile) est d&#8217;avoir un système dans lequel des personnes normales sont capables de réaliser des produits admirables de façon soutenable (c&#8217;est à dire sans se tuer au travail). Sans que cela nécessite 250 de QI mis à contribution 60h par semaine.</p>
<p>Encore une fois, ce peut-être vu comme une utopie de consultants noyés par la théorie. Toyota a montré que c&#8217;était tout à fait applicable dans une entreprise privée, dans un secteur extrêmement concurrentiel dans lequel les contraintes de coût, qualité, délais et de gestion des risques sont particulièrement importants.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Fujio Cho</media:title>
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		<title>Les défis du management au 21ème siècle</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/16/les-defis-du-management-au-21eme-siecle/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/16/les-defis-du-management-au-21eme-siecle/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 07:03:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Francais]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[leadership]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thehypertextual.com/?p=5231</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Lorsque je suis passé du statut de développeur d&#8217;application logicielle à celui de responsable d&#8217;équipe, il s&#8217;est passé une chose étrange. D&#8217;un seul coup, mes camarades n&#8217;étaient plus des professionnels passionnés par leur sujet qui en parlent et qui en parlent et qui en parlent encore. Ce n&#8217;était plus des professionnels qui s&#8217;intéressent à leur [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5231&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.allvoices.com/people/Peter_Drucker"><img class="alignnone" title="peter drucker" src="http://img3.allvoices.com/thumbs/image/609/480/81644979-peter-drucker.jpg" alt="" width="400" /></a></p>
<p>Lorsque je suis passé du statut de développeur d&#8217;application logicielle à celui de responsable d&#8217;équipe, il s&#8217;est passé une chose étrange.</p>
<p>D&#8217;un seul coup, mes camarades n&#8217;étaient plus des professionnels passionnés par leur sujet qui en parlent et qui en parlent et qui en parlent encore. Ce n&#8217;était plus des professionnels qui s&#8217;intéressent à leur discipline et qui étudient sans relâche les nouvelles innovations, découvertes ou bonnes pratiques, dans un soucis d&#8217;amélioration et d&#8217;apprentissage.</p>
<p>Non. Il s&#8217;agissait de <em>Managers</em>, comme si le seul intitulé, par je ne sais quel enchantement, leur infusait le savoir nécessaire pour accomplir leur mission. Comme si, en Neo de la réorganisation, par le prodige de la promotion dans la matrice, ils avaient automatiquement métabolisé les bases théoriques.</p>
<p>J&#8217;ai trouvé cela étonnant. Car selon moi, le management (<em>science sociologique</em> comme le définit <a title="Peter Drucker" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Drucker">Peter Drucker</a>), offre bien moins de prises et de certitudes que celle du développement de logiciel. Ou plutôt l&#8217;évaluation des résultats de sa contribution y est beaucoup moins évident, et en cela, cette mission est aussi une source de questionnements.</p>
<p>Il m&#8217;a donc semblé naturel de perpétuer cette tradition de <em>geek</em> dans mon nouveau job de manager. La <a title="bibliothèque" href="http://ceciiil.wordpress.com/bibliography/">lecture en est un axe</a> et Peter Drucker une <a title="hypertextual peter drucker" href="http://thehypertextual.com/?s=peter+drucker">boussole</a>. Adoncques : <a title="Peter drucker la société post capitaliste" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/03/18/leconomie-de-la-connaissance-par-peter-drucker/">encore un ouvrage</a> de ce <a title="promesses du management moderne" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2009/11/11/entreprise-2-0-les-promesses-du-management-enfin-tenues/">pape du management moderne</a> discuté sur #hypertextual &#8230;</p>
<p><span id="more-5231"></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.fr/Lavenir-du-management-Peter-Drucker/dp/2744061565"><img title="l'avenir du management" src="http://covers.openlibrary.org/w/id/3138990-M.jpg" alt="" width="180" height="278" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Translation challenges of the 21st century</strong></p>
<p>Le titre original est <a title="Management challenges of the 21st century" href="http://www.amazon.com/Management-Challenges-Century-Peter-Drucker/dp/0887309984">Management Challenges of the 21st century</a>. Par un loupé de haute voltige, il a été traduit <a title="l'avenir du management" href="http://www.amazon.fr/Lavenir-du-management-Peter-Drucker/dp/2744061565">L&#8217;avenir du management</a> et rejoint ainsi <a title="the future of management" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2010/04/07/management-innovation-problems-facts-and-10-lessons-for-the-future/">The Future Of Management</a> (traduit en <a title="la fin du management" href="http://www.amazon.fr/La-Fin-management-Inventer-r%C3%A8gles/dp/271174339X">La Fin du Management </a>- ce qui a plongé Bertrand Duperrin dans <a title="duperrin future of management" href="http://www.duperrin.com/2008/02/04/entreprise-ou-management-20-pour-vous-cest-le-futur-ou-la-fin/">la plus profonde perplexité</a>, on le serait à moins) dans la liste inépuisable des ouvrages de management dont on perd la substance alors qu&#8217;ils sont traduits en français.</p>
<p><em>Les Défis du Management au 21ème Siècle</em>, donc, un ouvrage publié au tournant du millénaire (1999). Un titre parfait (qui a  inspiré le sous-titre de ce blog) et un contenu qui l&#8217;est aussi régulièrement : un essai compact ou Drucker se concentre sur les sujets qui lui tiennent le plus à coeur et qu&#8217;il a étudiés sans relâche durant sa carrière.</p>
<p>Plutôt qu&#8217;une chronique en bonne et due forme, nous préfèrerons nous attarder sur les trois thématiques principales proposées ici par Drucker : la direction du changement, les défis de l&#8217;information et, le plus important, la productivité du travailleur du savoir.</p>
<p><strong>Mener le changement</strong></p>
<p>Dans ce livre, Drucker insiste sur le fait que le changement ne doit pas être géré. En cette <em>période révolutionnaire</em> telle qu&#8217;il la qualifie, le changement est permanent et doit être mené (<em>lead</em>). Sa stratégie pour mener le changement est en premier lieu d&#8217;organiser l&#8217;abandon. Pour déterminer si l&#8217;on doit continuer ou arrêter, il invite à se poser la question suivante : <em>&#8220;Gérerions nous cette activité comme nous le faisons si nous la prenions en charge maintenant ?&#8221;</em></p>
<p>Le deuxième axe pour mener le changement est celui de l&#8217;amélioration continue et du principe lean dénommé <a title="kaizen" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizen">Kaizen</a>. L&#8217;amélioration (et donc le changement) doit être continue et systématique.</p>
<p>Le dernier axe est celui consistant à se concentrer sur ses succès. Souvent les organisations se concentrent uniquement sur leurs axes d&#8217;amélioration. Drucker invite aussi à réfléchir sur les succès pour voir comment on peut encore mieux les exploiter. Les incontournables <a title="37Signals" href="http://37signals.com/svn/">37Signals</a> ont intégré ce principe et l&#8217;explique à leur manière ainsi : <a title="learning from failure is overrated" href="http://37signals.com/svn/posts/1555-learning-from-failure-is-overrated">Learning from failure is overrated</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Le défi de l&#8217;information</strong></p>
<p>Dans ce livre, Drucker propose une analyse extrêmement éclairante des technologies de l&#8217;information (IT). Selon lui, à l&#8217;époque où il écrit ce livre, nous nous sommes bien plus concentrés sur le T de IT (i.e la dimension technologique) que sur le I (la dimension informationnelle).</p>
<p>Il avance ainsi avec raison, qu&#8217;en se concentrant sur la seule donnée plus que sur l&#8217;information (i.e la valeur de la première dans le contexte de l&#8217;organisation, en tant qu&#8217;entrée à un processus de décision et d&#8217;action) nous n&#8217;exploitons pas au mieux ces technologies.</p>
<p>Nous pourrions presque en découler une définition de l&#8217;Entreprise 2.0 :<em> une organisation qui profite (enfin) de la valeur informationnelle des technologies pour prendre les bonnes décisions et mener les bonnes actions.</em></p>
<p><strong>Productivité du travailleur de la connaissance</strong></p>
<p>Il s&#8217;agit de la partie la plus visionnaire et éloquente. Introduction :</p>
<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;La contribution la plus importante (&#8230;) du management au 20ème siècle aura été de multiplier par 50 la production du travailleur manuel dans les industries manufacturières.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Je vous laisse deviner comment il en déduit l&#8217;objectif du management au 21ème siècle, objectif, soit dit en passant, <a title="37signals leadership 2.0 en action" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2009/11/20/37-signals-leadership-2-0-en-action/">atteint par nos amis de 37Signals</a>.</p>
<p>Pour définir la productivité du travailleur du savoir, l&#8217;auteur propose de réfléchir aux exigences suivantes. Des exigences qui, pour la plupart, se trouvent à l&#8217;opposé de ce que demande la productivité du travailleur manuel.</p>
<p>1. <em>Quelle est la tâche ?</em> La définition même de la tâche à accomplir reste à définir. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un point important : être capable de définir le problème et la tâche à accomplir pour le résoudre s&#8217;avère être une de ces compétences majeures <a title="andrew mcafee human vs machines" href="http://sloanreview.mit.edu/the-magazine/2012-winter/53208/winning-the-race-with-ever-smarter-machines/">retenues par Andrew McAfee</a> pour les travailleurs du savoir de demain.</p>
<p>2. <em>La responsabilité de la productivité du travailleur du savoir lui appartient. Il doit se gérer lui même et jouir de l&#8217;autonomie.</em> On retrouve ici cette notion forte d&#8217;autonomie, un des trois piliers de la <a title="dan pink suprising science of motivation" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2010/08/13/dan-pink-the-surprising-science-of-motivation/">motivation intrinsèque selon Dan Pink</a>, concept que l&#8217;on retrouve sous les termes de <em>self-agency</em> ou <em>self-reliance</em> dans <a title="éloge du carburateur" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2010/11/17/eloge-du-carburateur/">Eloge du Carburateur</a> de Matthew Crawford.</p>
<p>3. <em>Son travail exige non seulement un apprentissage continu mais aussi qu&#8217;il enseigne aux autres. </em>J&#8217;ai bien ausculté le livre sous toutes ses coutures, il n&#8217;est nulle part spécifié que les managers en sont dispensés<em>.<br />
</em></p>
<p>4. <em>L&#8217;innovation continue doit faire partie du travail, de la tâche et de la responsabilité du travailleur du savoir</em>. Curieusement, Drucker évoque à de nombreuses reprises Toyota à travers les principes pris séparément tels que le <a title="kaizen" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizen">Kaizen</a>, le <a title="keiretsu" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a> ou la détermination des coûts par les prix (<a title="activity based costing" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-based_costing">Activity Based-Costing</a>), mais ne s&#8217;étend jamais sur le système global Lean.</p>
<p>5. <em>La productivité du travailleur du savoir n&#8217;est pas question de quantité mais de qualité.</em> Encore une très belle idée à savoir que dans la société de la connaissance ce n&#8217;est plus la capacité de production qui détermine la richesse mais la capacité d&#8217;innovation pour fournir les services / produits en adéquation avec les besoins des clients (i.e adéquation avec les besoins du client étant la définition de la qualité selon le <a title="pmi" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/11/04/pmp-certified/">PMI</a>)</p>
<p>6. <em>Le travailleur du savoir doit être considéré comme un actif et pas comme un coût. Il doit vouloir travailler (un peu à la comme pour une activité bénévole) de préférence à toute autre possibilité qu&#8217;il s&#8217;offre à lui. </em>On retrouve là encore dans la seconde partie de sa description, indirectement, cette notion de motivation intrinsèque. Dans la première partie, l&#8217;auteur a vu, là encore avant tout le monde, le besoin de capitaliser sur la connaissance de la communauté des travailleurs du savoir, communauté incarnant le savoir de l&#8217;entreprise. <a title="mark fidelman" href="http://www.seekomega.com/">Mark Fidelman</a> a publié une très belle présentation sur <a title="drucker and enterprise 2.0" href="http://www.slideshare.net/fidelman/what-if-peter-drucker-taught-enterprise-20">Drucker et l&#8217;entreprise 2.0</a> [EN], dans laquelle il insiste sur la dimension communautaire des employés, chère à Drucker, et en déduit que l&#8217;entreprise 2.0 serait totalement supporté par le natif de Vienne.</p>
<p><strong>Management Class</strong></p>
<p>Ce qui est assez remarquable avec de telles lectures, c&#8217;est de constater au quotidien la distance entre le management tel que défini par le maître Autrichien et tel qu&#8217;il est pratiqué au quotidien par cette profession, devenue une classe, comme l&#8217;écrit admirablement <a title="the management myth matthew stewart" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/06/the-management-myth/4883/2/">Matthew Stewart dans The Management Myth</a>, autre boussole d&#8217;#hypertextual:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Much of management theory today is in fact the consecration of class interest—not of the capitalist class, nor of labor, but of a new social group: the management class.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Le 21ème siècle serait bien plus à même de tenir ses promesses si les managers dépensait autant d&#8217;énergie à leur apprentissage du métier (en lisant Drucker) qu&#8217;au maintien de leur classe.</p>
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		<title>Citation du Dimanche &#8211; Ivan Illitch</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/13/citation-du-dimanche-ivan-illitch/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/13/citation-du-dimanche-ivan-illitch/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 May 2012 07:56:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Francais]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[agile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geeking]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;L&#8217;outil simple, pauvre, transparent est humble serviteur ; l&#8217;outil élaboré, complexe, secret est un maître arrogant&#8221; Une phrase lumineuse de Ivan Illitch, que l&#8217;impeccable Pierre Pezziardi a ressortie pour sa présentation à Devox France. J&#8217;en profite pour vous inviter à nouveau à lire Lean Management et Informatique Conviviale de Pierre, livre sur lequel #hypertextual a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5225&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ceciiil.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/peeziardi_devox.jpg"><img class=" wp-image-5226 alignnone" title="peeziardi_devox" src="http://ceciiil.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/peeziardi_devox.jpg?w=400" alt="" width="400" /></a></p>
<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;L&#8217;outil simple, pauvre, transparent est humble serviteur ; l&#8217;outil élaboré, complexe, secret est un maître arrogant&#8221;</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Une phrase lumineuse de<a title="Ivan Illitch" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich"> Ivan Illitch</a>, que l&#8217;impeccable <a title="pierre pezziardi" href="http://ppezziardi.wordpress.com/">Pierre Pezziardi</a> a ressortie pour sa présentation à <a title="devox france" href="http://www.devoxx.com/display/FR12/Accueil">Devox France</a>.</p>
<p>J&#8217;en profite pour vous inviter à nouveau à lire <a title="Lean Management et informatique conviviale" href="http://informatique-conviviale.eyrolles.com/tag/lean-management/">Lean Management et Informatique Conviviale</a> de Pierre, livre sur lequel #hypertextual a eu la chance <a title="pezziardi interview hypertextual" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/10/04/lean-it-summit-interview-pierre-pezziardi/">d&#8217;échanger avec son auteur</a>.</p>
<p>Un ouvrage, particulièrement éclairant sur l&#8217;entropie des organisations du 21ème siècle, ainsi que sur les opportunités que le Lean, les méthodes agiles et les nouveaux outils distribués de communication proposent pour y remedier.</p>
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		<title>The Lean Startup by Eric Ries</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/09/the-lean-startup-by-eric-ries/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/09/the-lean-startup-by-eric-ries/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 13:26:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[innovation]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thehypertextual.com/?p=5211</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[When the likes of Tim O&#8217;Reilly, Geoffrey Moore, Don Reniersten, Steve Bell, Dan Heath, Marc Andreesen and Mary Poppendieck all sing the praise of a book, it might be a good idea to check it out. Which #hypertextual did, bringing a review in the process. Eric Ries has written this book out of his intense [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5211&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://lean.st/"><img class="alignnone" title="The Lean Start-up" src="http://lean.st/images/final-cover.png?1315940898" alt="" width="222" height="268" /></a></p>
<p>When the likes of Tim O&#8217;Reilly, Geoffrey Moore, Don Reniersten, Steve Bell, Dan Heath, Marc Andreesen and Mary Poppendieck all sing the praise of a book, it might be a good idea to check it out. Which #hypertextual did, bringing a review in the process.</p>
<p><a title="eric ries" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ries">Eric Ries</a> has written this book out of his intense experience with startups, with a strong focus on his experience as the CTO of <a title="imvu" href="http://www.imvu.com/">imvu</a>, an online application with 3D avatars. Many people have struggled to make a start-up succeed. Few have come with such valuable and great insights.</p>
<p>In a very Lean approach, Eric has built on all the events and failures that has happened during this experience to learn, learn and learn again.</p>
<p>Out of this <em>validated learning</em>, he built a simple and actionable system for continuous innovation which he shares with us in this best-seller &#8230;<span id="more-5211"></span></p>
<p><strong>Extreme Uncertainty</strong></p>
<p>Ries has a a great definition for startups : organisations who develop a product under condition of extreme uncertainty. In this fascinating book, Ries accumulates many stories from companies of all sizes delivering different types of software products and shows how universal both this definition and the framework he proposes to govern it are.</p>
<p><strong>Build, Measure, Learn and iterate<br />
</strong></p>
<p>Ries is a big fan of the <a title="innovator's dilemma" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/07/the-innovators-dillemma-by-clayton-christensen/">Innovator&#8217;s Dilemma</a> and his framework applies the basic strategy Christensen recommends : build, measure (while testing the market) and learn to adjust. In order to save people time and money, it is critical for this loop to be as short as possible.</p>
<p>As Christensen said, new markets can&#8217;t be analysed and no big plan can ensure for success. Ries has learnt it the hard way while building the first version of his system : 6 months of exhaustive work to build perfectly a system that nobody wanted. What&#8217;s the point in being on time and budget if nobody cares about your product ?</p>
<p>As he states on p.90,  <em>no amount of design can anticipate the many complexities of bringing a product to life in the real world. </em>This is the reason why his loop has removed the P for Planning of the very similar <a title="PDCA Loop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCA">Plan-Do-Check-Act Deming circle</a> : to avoid the risk of <em>analysis paralysis</em>.<em><br />
</em></p>
<p>Instead, Ries recommends to launch very quickly the product and then measure how the customer responds using appropriate in order to measure so that you can learn and build the &#8230;</p>
<p><strong>Validated Learning</strong></p>
<p>Ries pitch is that a product aims to validate a hypothesis, what he calls the <em>leap of faith</em>. The data is validated thanks to measured customer feedback : this is validated learning.</p>
<p>And the internet provides a fantastic laboratory to gather hard data as it allows to 1/potentially reaches millions of users 2/gather actual hard data 3/track different types of population 4/perform <a title="split testing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/B_testing">split-testing</a> while deploying different versions of the product to limited users.</p>
<p>Even if that may not be as efficient as real users interview (the example Ries give on page 43 and the IMVU aha! moment is quite spectacular), these numbers are some kind of <em><a title="genshi genbutsu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genchi_Genbutsu">genshi genbutsu</a> </em>Lean principle, whereby the team learn from direct feedback from customers as it confronts to the brutal reality (a key of companies greatness according to <a title="from good to great" href="http://www.amazon.com/Good-Great-Companies-Leap-Others/dp/0066620996">Jim Collins</a>).</p>
<p>For this metrics to build validated learning Ries argues that they have to be actionable, accessible and auditable.</p>
<p><strong>Nullis in Verba</strong></p>
<p>In the 17th Century, Robert Boyle (often referred to as the father of modern chemistry) and Robert Hooke created the <a title="Invisible College" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_College">Invisible College</a>. Their motto was <em>Nullis In Verba</em> (Believe Nothing From Mere Words). As <a title="clay shirky" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Shirky">Clay Shirky</a> says in <a title="cognitive surplus" href="http://www.amazon.com/Cognitive-Surplus-Creativity-Generosity-Connected/dp/1594202532">Cognitive Surplus</a> <em>they committed themselves to acquiring knowledge through experimental means and to subjecting one another&#8217;s findings to kind of scrutiny necessary to root out errors.</em> They happen to be the precursor of the <a title="royal society" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society">Royal Society</a>.</p>
<p>In Lean Startup, Ries somehow offers the <em>Nullis In Verba</em> for 21st century business strategy. The latter should be built using a small steps iterative and scientific approach based on empirical data which are the only inputs to take into account while deciding if the strategy should be deflected, or, as Ries says : should take a pivot.</p>
<p><strong>The Pivot</strong></p>
<blockquote><p><em>Upon completing the Build Measure Learn loop, we confront the most difficult question any entrepreneur faces : whether to pivot or persevere</em></p></blockquote>
<p>The measure step of the loop allows to evaluate how relevant and appropriate the hypothesis is, how valid the leap of faith happens to be. Based on empirical data, the pivot is the deflection to adjust the strategy.</p>
<p>Pivot implement the <a title="nemawashi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemawashi"><em>nemawashi</em></a> Lean principle whereby (as per <a title="jeffrey linker" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~liker/">Jeffrey Linker</a>&#8216;s book <a title="toyota way jeffrey linker" href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Toyota-Way-Management-Manufacturer/dp/0071392319">Toyota Way</a>) <em>the organisation make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all options and implement decisions rapidly</em>.</p>
<p>Ries describes the different types of pivots : zoom in (narrow down the product scope), zoom out (extend it), Customer segment (change the target population) &#8230; Most importantly, Ries suggests another perspective on the startup life expectancy. Rather than asking <em>How many money left do we have ?</em> one should ask <em>How many pivots left can we make</em> ?</p>
<p><strong>Continuous Deployment<br />
</strong></p>
<p>A really interesting thing in this book is how agile approach aligns with this strategy.  Well, some of them at least.</p>
<p>Ries states that at the beginning, it is not a critical issue to release a half-finished product. Remember that the first objective of this beta versions is not to deliver the finished article but to test an hypothesis. So quality issues are not so big at this stage (Ries is clear that they definitely are at a later one, though).</p>
<p>On the other hand what is important is the ability to deliver quickly. Not surprisingly the author mentions rapid development framework (such as <a title="ruby on rails" href="http://rubyonrails.org/">Ruby on Rails</a>), frameworks that allows to deliver web applications much faster (up to tenfold) than standard technologies.</p>
<p>He also underlines the importance of a <em>continuous deployment</em> infrastructure allowing to release small batches of product updates very frequently : about a dozen daily releases at IMVU. This fully automated process also happens to be the auto-immune system, identifiying any product errors, removing the change, notifying the corresponding team and preventing it from installing any new change on the system until the bug is fixed : this is the <a title="andon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon_%28manufacturing%29">andon</a> (stop the line) implementation of the Lean Startup.</p>
<p>The beauty here is the perfect alignment throughout the whole organisation to foster Continuous Innovation : it starts from a Continuous Deployment infrastructure supporting a continuous flow. This also is Toyota principle according to Jeffrey Liker : <em>create a continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface</em>.</p>
<p><strong>Continous Innovation</strong></p>
<p>This is the end objective : set up an organisation applying the Build, Measure, Learn loop at scale to innovate on a permanent basis.</p>
<p>Eric Ries shows in this book how it is possible to solve the main 21st organisation problem (as per Richard Florida in <a title="rise of the creative class" href="http://www.creativeclass.com/richard_florida/books/the_rise_of_the_creative_classhttp://">Rise of the Creative Class</a>) : the tension between operational excellence and innovation. Ries recommends to set-up an engine of growth, build an adaptive organisation and lastly allows sandbox for new ideas to enter a fast BML loop without disrupting existing processes.</p>
<p>A strongly recommended read. As an appetizer a video of a Ries talk at the Web 2.0 conference :</p>
<span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/09/the-lean-startup-by-eric-ries/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/i65PaoTlVKg/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span>
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		<title>The Innovator&#8217;s Dilemma by Clayton Christensen</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/07/the-innovators-dillemma-by-clayton-christensen/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/07/the-innovators-dillemma-by-clayton-christensen/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 07:29:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[It is not a simple task to bring some value while reviewing a classic book about which many thought leaders have already extensively elaborated upon. So I won&#8217;t even try and I shall just attempt to make a synthesis for further #hypertextual references. Clayton Christensen is an Harvard Professor and he published this acclaimed book [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5179&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.fastcompany.com/1743660/clayton-christensen-innovators-dilemma"><img class="alignnone" title="innovator's dilemma christensen" src="http://images.fastcompany.com/upload/innovators-dilemma.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="305" /></a></p>
<p>It is not a simple task to bring some value while reviewing a classic book about which many thought leaders have already extensively elaborated upon. So I won&#8217;t even try and I shall just attempt to make a synthesis for further #hypertextual references.</p>
<p><a title="Clayton Christensen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_M._Christensen">Clayton Christensen</a> is an Harvard Professor and he published this acclaimed book in 1997. 15 years later, this book remains as relevant as ever.</p>
<p>I won&#8217;t sound very creative while claiming that this is an awesome book. No wonder why it was one of <a title="Steve Jobs favorite books and artists" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/21/the-steve-jobs-reading-list-the-books_n_1024021.html">Steve Jobs favorite essay</a>. #hypertextual Main takeaways one click away &#8230;<span id="more-5179"></span></p>
<p><strong>Disruptive Vs Sustaining</strong></p>
<p>This book has been the first to talk about <a title="disruptive innovation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation"><em>disruptive innovation</em></a>. Wikipedia definition :</p>
<blockquote><p><em>A disruptive innovation is an innovation that helps create a new market and value network, and eventually goes on to disrupt an existing market and value network (over a few years or decades), displacing an earlier technology.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>In Christensen&#8217;s book, the opposite of <em>disruptive</em> is <em>established</em> or <em>sustaining</em>. This book pitch is : companies can do all things right in terms of management and product strategy while implementing sustaining innovation but still can fail because they haven&#8217;t invested into disruptive technologies. I guess <a title="nokia market share destruction world record in one year" href="http://communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2012/01/nokia-q4-results-now-official-elop-has-created-world-record-destruction-of-market-share-in-one-year.html">Nokia</a> and <a title="kodak failure" href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/avidan/2012/01/23/kodak-failed-by-asking-the-wrong-marketing-question/">Kodak</a> leaders wish they had read this book.</p>
<p><strong>Context</strong></p>
<p>Most studies of this book take place in the disk drive industry. Just like genetics researchers study fruit flies because their complete life-cycle span on a single day, Christensen chose this business area because it is a fast paced environment where disruptive technologies emerge on a very frequent basis.</p>
<p>However, Christensen also describes case studies taken from other types of markets to draw analogies and prove how generally applicable his theory is.</p>
<p><strong>Motives behind reluctance</strong></p>
<p>Christensen identifies two main reasons why firms overlook disruptive technologies.</p>
<p>First, these often are simpler than established technologies and are below the <em>existing</em> market demand in terms of performance. Since these technologies cannot meet existing market demand, established companies do not invest nor allocate resources in developing them. Instead, they&#8217;d rather &#8220;listen to their customers&#8221; to improve the offer while implementing sustaining technologies.</p>
<p>The second reason that motivates companies reluctance to invest into disruptive technologies is based on the <a title="value network" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_network">value network</a>.  Broadly speaking, a value network is the structure and organisation (both internal and external) that support a business model. If the market is too small to offer enough profits and growth for the firm&#8217;s value network, it won&#8217;t invest in the corresponding technology.</p>
<p>Whatever the reasons, this causes misses opportunities as described below &#8230;</p>
<p><strong>Neglecting emerging markets<br />
</strong></p>
<p>When a disruptive technology emerges, the market either does not exist as yet or is not big enough to match the established company value network and growth objectives. So established companies would rather invest into the higher end of the existing market where more added value is created and more profits can be achieved.</p>
<p>On the other hand, new entrants are very efficient to attack these markets because <em>&#8220;the firms attacking from value networks below brought with them cost structure set to achieve profitability at lower gross margins&#8221;</em> (p. 47).</p>
<p>However, while developing in emerging markets, the technologies mature and eventually meet customer expectations in all markets making previous technologies obsolete. This is somehow described by the following illustration (from <a title="teradyne aurora mit" href="http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2000/teradyne/clay.html">Teradyne Aurora project</a> on MIT web).</p>
<p><a href="http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2000/teradyne/clay.html"><img title="disruptive technology market" src="http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2000/teradyne/susdir2.JPG" alt="" width="400" height="301" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Missing new markets</strong></p>
<p>The other problem is that sometimes, disruptive technologies address a problem that never was before. And as such they create a <em>new</em> market.</p>
<p>Since <em>new</em> market cannot be analysed, well managed companies who drives investment according to market studies do not invest on these. Which Christensen summarizes on page 165 : <em>The very mechanisms through which organizations create value are intrinsically inimical to change.</em></p>
<p>An example of market creation is the <a title="honda supercub" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Super_Cub">Honda Supercub 50cc </a>motorcycles who failed miserably to compete against Harley Davidson but created a new market with dirt biking. Honda then developped the technology and improved his offer in terms of performance, eventually met customer expectations and created a high end on this market.</p>
<p>Disk Drive industry examples are the one of smaller disk drives that do not match the established market requirements (mainframe computer then personal computers) but happen to fully match the ones of emerging markets (personal then laptop computers respectively).</p>
<p><strong>A sour bargain</strong></p>
<p>According to the Harvard professor, while giving up on emerging markets, established firms <em>make a sour bargain exchanging market risk (risk that disruptive technology does not take off) against a competitive risk, while entering markets against entrenched competition</em>.</p>
<p>Christensen shows that<em> there are enormous returns and significant first movers advantages associated with early entry into emerging market in which disruptive technologies are initially used</em>.</p>
<p>As an example, while studying disk drive market, Christensen shows that <em>the firms that followed late into the markets enabled by disruptive technologies generated an average cumulative revenues of $US 64.5 M per firm</em>. While the average company that led in disruptive technology generated $US 1.9 B in revenues. In other words, <em>Firms that entered small emerging markets logged twenty times the revenues of the firms pursuing growth in into larget markets.<br />
</em></p>
<p>A reminder of this famous quote by Peter Drucker : (via <a title="Scaling startups" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/1678467/scaling-startups">Chad Dickerson article</a>) :<em> People who don&#8217;t take risks generally make about two big mistakes a year. People who do take risks generally make about two big mistakes a year.</em></p>
<p><strong>Performance oversupply and shift in customer expectations</strong></p>
<p>Quite often, established companies focus too much on improving performances (using sustaining innovation) thinking that this will satisfy customer needs. Christensen shows here that <em>this performance oversupply triggers a shift in the basis of competition and the criteria used by customers to choose one product over another changes to attributes for which market demands are not yet satisfied</em> (p. 187)</p>
<p>This is a wonderful observation. My take is that this is the main Steve Jobs takeaway from the book. In the home computer market he understood well before any of his competitors that technological measurable prowess (CPU, Disk and memory size) was becoming commodities and no longer market differentiator. Design and usability were. This vision allowed him to <a title="steve jobs michelangelo" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/02/04/is-steve-jobs-the-michelangelo-of-our-times/">transform the silicium of technological objects into the gold of social ones</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Build, Test, Learn, Iterate<br />
</strong></p>
<p>So what is the solution ? Christensen recommended strategy to figure out what&#8217;s new emerging market might want is to build something and test the market to learn from it and then iterate. This is the core proposition of <a title="Lean Startup" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_Startup">Lean Startup</a>, the <a title="eric ries" href="http://www.startuplessonslearned.com/">Eric Ries</a> best-seller, another fantastic read about innovation #hypertextual will soon write about, so watch this space &#8230;</p>
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		<title>Citation du Dimanche &#8211; John Maynard Keynes</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/06/citation-du-dimanche-john-maynard-keynes/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/06/citation-du-dimanche-john-maynard-keynes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 May 2012 06:57:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Francais]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#8220;La difficulté n&#8217;est pas de comprendre les idées nouvelles mais d&#8217;échapper aux idées anciennes qui ont poussé leurs ramifications dans tous les recoins de l&#8217;esprit.&#8221; (John Maynard Keynes) Un point essentiel dans la gestion du changement et à la base de cette notion très forte chez les anglo-saxons du mental model. L&#8217;occasion aussi de rendre [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5176&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://althcours.blogspot.fr/2011/05/john-maynard-keynes.html"><img class="alignnone" title="John Maynard Keynes" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fmlmmVAxE00/TeI7TXDUOPI/AAAAAAAAAV4/OB350UeW2Ug/s1600/johnmaynardKeynes.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="300" /></a></p>
<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;La difficulté n&#8217;est pas de comprendre les idées nouvelles mais d&#8217;échapper aux idées anciennes qui ont poussé leurs ramifications dans tous les recoins de l&#8217;esprit.&#8221;</em> (<a title="john maynard keynes" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>)</p></blockquote>
<p>Un point essentiel dans la gestion du changement et à la base de cette notion très forte chez les anglo-saxons du <em>mental model</em>.</p>
<p>L&#8217;occasion aussi de rendre hommage au travail remarquable de <a title="Thomas Bonnecarrère" href="http://infoblogwar.blogspot.fr/">Thomas Bonnecarrère</a> pour son e-book <a title="comment créer un contexte social favorable à l'intelligence collective et à l'innovation" href="http://www.scribd.com/ThomasBonnecarrere/d/91904233-Comment-creer-un-contexte-social-favorable-a-l-intelligence-collective-et-l-innovation-Thomas-Bonnecarrere">Comment créer un contexte social favorable à l&#8217;intelligence collective et l&#8217;innovation</a> : cette citation de Keynes ouvre son ouvrage très recommandé si la gestion de l&#8217;innovation vous intéresse.</p>
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		<title>21st century management, social business and feminine values</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/03/21st-century-management-social-business-and-feminine-values/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/03/21st-century-management-social-business-and-feminine-values/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2012 11:12:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[enterprise]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[(Picture by Peter Farago &#38; Inkela Klemetz-Farago) This is something I&#8217;ve been thinking of for quite a while now. Actually, since 2011 edition of the Enterprise 2.0 conference in Boston. And this telling quote by Jamie Pappas : Social Business is more about soft skills than about tech skills. I&#8217;ve ben having this impression that organisations [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5127&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ceciiil.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fotografiska.jpg"><img class=" wp-image-5137 alignnone" title="fotografiska" src="http://ceciiil.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fotografiska.jpg?w=400" alt="" width="400" /></a><br />
(<em>Picture by <a title="peter farago" href="http://faragofarago.com/">Peter Farago &amp; Inkela Klemetz-Farago</a></em>)</p>
<p>This is something I&#8217;ve been thinking of for quite a while now.</p>
<p>Actually, since 2011 edition of the <a title="enterprise 2.0 boston hypertextual" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/06/27/entrerprise-2-0-boston-2011-performance-passion-and-people/">Enterprise 2.0 conference in Boston</a>. And this telling quote by <a title="Jamie Pappas" href="http://jamiepappas.typepad.com/">Jamie Pappas</a> : <em>Social Business is more about soft skills than about tech skills</em>. I&#8217;ve ben having this impression that organisations governance have been moving from reason-based rigid masculine values such as competition, hierarchy, plans, autocracy and results to more empathic and flexible feminine ones such as collaboration, networks, emergence, democracy and purpose.</p>
<p>Digging into the subject I have found some material that tend to corroborate this idea. In my humble opinion, this probably is the most important point to understand the 21st century organisation (<em>warning, back into long post mood</em>)</p>
<p><span id="more-5127"></span></p>
<p><strong>Masculine Vs Feminine Values<br />
</strong></p>
<p>In this month edition of french <a title="Philosophie Magazine" href="http://www.philomag.com/index.php">Philosophie Magazine</a>, german philosopher <a title="wolfram eilenberger" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Eilenberger">Wolfram Eilenberger</a> writes a <a title="les vices cachés d'une vertu nouvelle philomag" href="http://www.philomag.com/article,dossier,les-vices-caches-d-une-vertu-nouvelle,1772.php">great piece</a> [FR] on western countries main values. Based on <a title="carol gilligan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Gilligan">Carol Gilligan</a>&#8216;s book <a title="in a different voice" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_Different_Voice">In a Different Voice</a>, he notices that in many areas of our everyday&#8217;s lives, standards masculine values are being replaced by more feminine values.</p>
<p>Work is no exception : drawing on <a title="essentials of contemporary management" href="http://www.amazon.com/Essentials-Contemporary-Management-Gareth-Jones/dp/0072874236">Essential of contemporary Management</a> by G. R Jones &amp; JM Georges, Eilenberger witnesses the advent of empowerment, flat hierarchies, positives interactions and responsiveness in the organisations. Half-joking, he wonders if the writers have been coached by feminist activists.</p>
<p>What is interesting here is this Eilenberg analysis is pretty much aligned with Norman Chorn&#8217;s when he asks <a title="is good leadership a feminine thing" href="http://www.normanchorn.com/future-strategy/good-leadership-feminine-thing">Is Good Leadership a feminine thing ?</a>, article in which Chorn reminds us of how Carl Jung compares masculine and feminine values :</p>
<p><a href="http://www.normanchorn.com/future-strategy/good-leadership-feminine-thing"><img class="alignnone" title="Carl Jung masculine Vs feminine values comparison " src="http://www.normanchorn.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Masculine_Feminine_table.png" alt="" width="590" height="228" /></a></p>
<p>Quite impressive how this reminds me of the <a title="10 management principles enterprise 2.0" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2009/11/08/enterprise-2-0-managers-in-10-principles/">management 10 principles of Enterprise 2.0</a> but we&#8217;ll get back to this later.</p>
<p><strong>Women, business and morality<br />
</strong></p>
<p>The actual subject of this edition of Philosophie Magazine is the question : <a title="philomag 59" href="http://issuu.com/philomag/docs/philomag59/1">Are Women More Moral then Men</a> ?</p>
<p>Funnily enough, there is a study that has been carried out by a British Professor Roger Steare <a title="women more moral than men telegraph" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/9206176/Women-are-more-moral-than-men-survey-says.html">on that very topic in a business environment</a>. The study based on an <a title="moral dna" href="http://www.moraldna.org/">online questionnaire</a> answered by around 60,000 volunteers from over 200 countries, measured responses to questions about honesty and competency : it showed women are more likely to make decisions based on how they impact on others.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Women prefer to make their decisions based on how it impacts others – which tends to produce better decisions – while men have a more individual approach and are more self-interested. What this shows is that when it comes to work men have to grow up, put their ego to one side and show some humility and compassion – qualities they all too often have in their personal lives but put to one side when they walk into the office.” (Pr Roger Steare)<br />
</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Similarly, a spanish study tends to show that <a title="women managers more democratic" href="http://www.medicaldaily.com/news/20120321/9335/women-behavior-employment-psychology-research.htm">workplaces with higher percentage of women in top positions tend to be more democratic</a> (and therefore less autocratic) and provide more individualized feedback (which is key to people motivation, <a title="feedback is motivation" href="http://rypple.com/blog/2009/10/feedback-is-motivation/">successful companies were built on that assumption</a>).</p>
<p><strong>New New Humanist Management</strong></p>
<p>Now the question one should ask is if feminine management are more moral and their approach of management more human, how come the latter has not been implemented yet in our organisations ?</p>
<p>As an example, in the famous <a title="Management Myth" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/06/the-management-myth/4883/3/?single_page=true">Management Myth article</a>, <a title="matthew stewart" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Stewart_%28philosopher%29">Matthew Stewart</a> puts both Taylorian and Humanist management modes back-to-back. In particular, it draws on HBS professor <a title="rosabeth moss kanter" href="http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=ovr&amp;facId=6486">Rosabeth Moss Kanter</a> example,who in 1993 advocated the very same &#8220;new&#8221; concepts that <a title="mary parker follett" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Parker_Follett">Mary Parker Follett</a> advocated in the 1920s.</p>
<p>Stewart concludes that there is nothing &#8220;new&#8221; in the &#8220;new&#8221; organisation humanist management promotes. Well, one could argue that there is <em>one new thing</em> about humanist management. We today have the means to implement it : the business imperative, the tools and the people.</p>
<p><strong>Business Imperative<br />
</strong></p>
<p>Now that all companies are somehow on their way to achieve operational excellence (the big objective of the years 00s) while automating <a title="duperring whatver vould be automatised" href="http://www.duperrin.com/english/2012/03/22/dont-confuse-enterprises-without-managers-with-without-management/">whatever could be</a>, what can be the differentiators ? Where can they create value from ? What are the organisation untapped resources ?</p>
<p>The untapped resources business need to tackle mostly are in the networked economy : addressing those is the actual <em>raison d&#8217;être</em> of Social Business.</p>
<p>In order to get competitive advantage and achieve business performance, organisation need innovation, collaboration, empowerment, passion, relationships : all these key elements can’t be forced and can hardly be systemized.</p>
<p><strong>The Tools</strong></p>
<p>This social business relies on emergent social software platforms to<a title="enterprise social software" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/04/22/enterprise-social-software-productivity-innovation-and-engagement/"> foster productivity, collaboration, innovation and employee engagement</a>. These Enterprise Social Networks allow to tackle the complexity and the fast pace of today&#8217;s demanding market.</p>
<p><strong>The People</strong></p>
<p>I don&#8217;t want to sound too simplistic here but women are far more gifted with soft skills than men are and they thrive in this Social Business environment as the <a title="enterprise 2.0 boston hypertextual" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/06/27/entrerprise-2-0-boston-2011-performance-passion-and-people/">2011 edition of Boston Enterprise 2.0 Conference showed</a>.</p>
<p><a title="sarah collens" href="http://www.robertsgolden.com/blog/">Sarah Roberts</a>, <a title="rachel happe" href="http://www.thesocialorganization.com/">Rachel Happe</a>, <a title="Jamie Pappas" href="http://jamiepappas.typepad.com/">Jamie Pappas</a> , <a title="marcia conner" href="http://marciaconner.com/blog/">Marcia Conner</a>, <a title="amy wilson" href="http://wilsoninsight.com/amy-wilson/">Amy Wilson</a>, <a title="Laurie Buczek" href="http://www.lauriebuczek.com/">Laurie Buczek</a>, <a title="Debra Lavoy" href="http://productfour.wordpress.com/">Debra Lavoy </a>or <a title="Claire Flanagan" href="http://cflanagan.wordpress.com/">Claire Flanagan</a> all made excellent appearances during that conference. Not to forget<a title="Susan Scrupski" href="http://itsinsider.com/"> Susan Scrupski</a> a fantastic catalyst who makes sure Social Business happens and who have been ranked amongst the <a title="susan scrupski top 10 women in IT" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/article/susan-scrupski-20-adoption-council">Top 10 Women in Technology by Fast Company</a>.</p>
<p>The networked and decentralized nature toward which organisations are now moving toward resonates with feminine values. Another example is the world of Agile software product development methodologies. Three out of the ten books that constitute the <a title="agile pmi body of knowledge" href="http://www.infoq.com/news/2011/06/pmi-certified-professional-body">Agile PMI body of knowledge</a> are written by female professionals : <a title="software project manager bridge" href="http://www.amazon.com/Software-Project-Managers-Bridge-Agility/dp/0321502752/ref=pd_sim_b_9">Software Project Manager Bridge to Agility</a> (<a title="michele sliger" href="http://www.sligerconsulting.com/blog/">Michelle Sliger</a> and <a title="stacia broderick" href="http://www.agileevolution.com/blog/author/agileevolution1">Stacia Broderick</a>), <a title="coaching agile teams" href="http://www.amazon.com/Coaching-Agile-Teams-ScrumMasters-Addison-Wesley/dp/0321637704/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1307133256&amp;sr=1-1">Coaching Agile Teams</a> (<a title="lyssa adkins" href="http://www.coachingagileteams.com/">Lyssa Adkins)</a> and <a title="agile restrospective" href="http://www.amazon.com/Agile-Retrospectives-Making-Teams-Great/dp/0977616649/ref=pd_sim_b_4">Agile Restrospective</a> (<a title="esther derby" href="http://www.estherderby.com/category/insights">Esther Derby</a> and Diana Larsen). <em></em></p>
<p><em>(Note : <em>I will elaborate later</em> on these excellent business books addressing generic business issues, respectively change management, coaching and continuous improvement.  You can read them regardless if you&#8217;re involved in Agile software product development or not).</em></p>
<p>Social Business and Agile software development are examples I mention because I know about. But it goes much beyond as this study by the European Women&#8217;s Professional Network tends to show with a 10%/year increase in the <a title="european companies women on board" href="http://www.europeanpwn.net/index.php?article_id=8">proportion of women in boards in top european companies</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Virtuous Circle</strong></p>
<p>The virtuous circle is in place. We have more women in key roles in organisation and we are moving toward more moral and feminine management values. These management values are implemented into decentralized and networked tools that foster the advent of the Social Business and the agile enterprise. A context in which women thrive and play key roles.</p>
<p>The proposition of this article is not to proclaim some kind of <a title="Scum Manifesto" href="http://www.womynkind.org/scum.htm">SCUM Manifesto</a> 2.0. We don&#8217;t want to sway from a very masculine enterprise into a very feminine one. We just want to set the right balance to have a human enterprise.</p>
<p>My take : if you want your organisation to integrate 21st century economy values and perform steadily, make sure you nicely balance genders throughout the whole organisation. This <a title="mckinsey women in management" href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=4&amp;ved=0CDcQFjAD&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.de%2Fdownloads%2Fpublikation%2Fwomen_matter%2FWomen_Matter_1_brochure.pdf&amp;ei=hz6hT6OTKdCb1AXcq-inCA&amp;usg=AFQjCNE8Ybo4BqclcdZCH0P_FroX_tNTyA&amp;sig2=LGxp3zyU0ldPqL8oliuYnQ">MC Kinsey study</a> suggests that companies where women are most strongly represented at board or top-management level are also the companies that perform best.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Carl Jung masculine Vs feminine values comparison </media:title>
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		<title>L&#8217;origine de la division du travail</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/01/lorigine-de-la-division-du-travail/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/05/01/lorigine-de-la-division-du-travail/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 May 2012 09:20:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Francais]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Profitons de la fête du travail pour parler de sa division. Jusqu&#8217;à très récemment j&#8217;étais persuadé que la division du travail datait de Frederick Winslow Taylor. Je me trompais. Officiellement, cette division du travail provient d&#8217;une étude de Adam Smith, l&#8217;auteur de Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations et [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5101&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<p>Profitons de la fête du travail pour parler de sa division.</p>
<p>Jusqu&#8217;à très récemment j&#8217;étais persuadé que la division du travail datait de <a title="frederick taylor" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>. Je me trompais. Officiellement, cette division du travail provient d&#8217;une étude de <a title="Adam Smith" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith">Adam Smith</a>, l&#8217;auteur de <a title="richesse des nations" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherches_sur_la_nature_et_les_causes_de_la_richesse_des_nations">Recherche sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations </a>et inventeur du fameux concept de &#8220;la main invisible du marché&#8221;.</p>
<p>Ou tout au moins c&#8217;est ce que l&#8217;on croyait car la vérité est toute autre. Grâce soit rendue à <a title="vincent lextrait" href="http://fr.linkedin.com/in/vincentlextrait">Vincent Lextrait</a> (Directeur du développement à Amadeus) qui rend à César ce qui lui appartient, ceci dans une <a title="l'organisation scientifique du travail à l'ère numérique" href="http://www.usievents.com/fr/conferences/8-paris-usi-2011/sessions/976-l-organisation-scientifique-du-travail-de-l-ere-industrielle-s-applique-t-elle-a-l-ere-numerique">remarquable présentation à l&#8217;Université du SI en 2011</a> et dans son <a title="mentofacturing" href="http://mentofacturing.com/mentofacturing.pdf">e-book sur le mentofacturing</a>.</p>
<p><span id="more-5101"></span></p>
<p><strong>Adam Smith</strong></p>
<p>Lextrait explique qu&#8217;à partir d&#8217;une étude de cas dans une fabrique d&#8217;épingle, Adam Smith &#8220;observe&#8221; que la division du travail permet une productivité 500 fois plus élevée. Cette productivité accrue est dûe essentiellement au fait qu&#8217;avec la division du travail, l&#8217;ouvrier n&#8217;a plus besoin de changer d&#8217;outil, opération particulièrement coûteuse en terme de temps dans la chaine de production. L&#8217;idée est donc &#8220;d&#8217;attacher&#8221; l&#8217;ouvrier à son outil pour optimiser la performance de la chaine de production.</p>
<p>Il semblerait que ce soit un plagiat. <a title="jean louis peaucelle" href="http://personnel.univ-reunion.fr/jlpocele/">Jean-Louis Peaucelle </a>enseignant-chercheur à la Réunion rapporte que cette étude de cas sur la production d&#8217;épingles et la notion même de division du travail sont tous deux issus d&#8217;un article de l&#8217;<a title="encyclopédie" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die">Encylopédie</a> : le chapitre <a title="l'art de l'épinglier" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion:Henri_Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau">Art de l&#8217;épinglier</a> de <a title="Réaumur" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur">Réaumur</a> et <a title="duhamel du monceau" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau">Duhamel du Monceau</a>.</p>
<blockquote><p>« <em>Il n’y a personne qui ne soit étonné du bas prix des épingles ; mais la surprise augmentera sans doute quand on saura combien de différentes opérations, la plûpart fort délicates, sont indispensablement nécessaires pour faire une bonne épingle. Nous allons parcourir en peu de mots ces opérations pour faire naître l’envie d’en connoître les détails ; cette énumération nous fournira autant d’articles qui feront la division de ce travail</em>. »</p></blockquote>
<p>L&#8217;origine de la division du travail est donc française : cocorico ! La seule valeur ajoutée de Smith sur cette étude étant les calculs de rapport de productivité, calculs qui se sont avérés légèrement gonflés par la suite.</p>
<p><strong>La Faute à Descartes</strong></p>
<p>Dans deux entretiens accordés à #hypertextual, <a title="pierre pezziardi" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/10/04/lean-it-summit-interview-pierre-pezziardi/">Pierre Pezziardi </a>et <a title="entretien hypertextual yves caseau " href="http://thehypertextual.com/2011/10/18/lean-it-summit-entretien-avec-yves-caseau/">Yves Caseau </a>en arrivent à la même conclusion lorsque je demande quelle sont selon eux les sources de notre réticence hexagonale à l&#8217;adoption de principes ou outils de rupture tels que le <a title="lean management" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_management">Lean Management</a> ou les plateformes de réseaux sociaux au sein des organisations. Leurs réponses convergent vers un seul et même fautif : <a title="descartes" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes">Descartes</a>. Notre esprit analytique et rationaliste fait de nous les rois des systèmes complexes. En conséquence de quoi, la division du travail en général et le Taylorisme en particulier résonnent d&#8217;un écho particulier chez nous.</p>
<p>Ma perception est légèrement différente, moins mathématique et plus sociologique. Au delà de cette familiarité de culture scientifique, la division du travail nous semble naturelle car elle permet d&#8217;asseoir notre statut dans l&#8217;entreprise et dans la hiérarchie. Une étude du World Value Survey montre ainsi que la France est de tous les pays de l&#8217;OCDE celui pour lequel <a title="5 obstacles culturels" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2009/11/01/reseaux-sociaux-dans-lentreprise-fr-les-5-obstacles-majeurs/">l’activité professionnelle joue le rôle le plus important dans la vie de ses citoyens</a> tant en terme de construction identitaire que de révélateur de réussite sociale.</p>
<p>Quoi qu&#8217;il en soit, avec le recul, que la division du travail émane de notre culture semble d&#8217;une évidence biblique.</p>
<p><strong>La puissance du ALT-TAB</strong></p>
<p>Dans la seconde partie de sa présentation Vincent Lextrait explique comment dans l&#8217;économie de la connaissance, grâce à informatique, le changement d&#8217;outil prend une fraction de seconde : c&#8217;est un <del>CTL-ALT</del> ALT-TAB sur le clavier.</p>
<p>Attention, il ne s&#8217;agit pas là d&#8217;un changement de <em>contexte</em>, d&#8217;une interruption d&#8217;un fil de pensée nécessitant une vingtaine de minutes pour être à nouveau <em>&#8220;in the zone&#8221;</em> comme <a title="jason fried" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2008/09/19/jason-fried-web-20-keynote-be-a-software-curator/">le dit Jason Fried</a>. Non, nous parlons là d&#8217;un changement <em>d&#8217;outil</em> pour assurer la continuité dans la procédure de réalisation d&#8217;une tâche donnée sur laquelle nous sommes concentrés.</p>
<p>Cette observation tendrait, à elle seule, à disqualifier la pertinence de la division du travail dans le contexte de celui de la connaissance.</p>
<p><strong>Descartes et le 21ème siècle</strong></p>
<p><a title="eloge du carburateur" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2010/11/17/eloge-du-carburateur/">Matthew Crawford</a> rappelle lui comment la division du travail revêt un caractère aliénant en ce qu&#8217;elle dépossède l&#8217;homme qui travaille de sa source de satisfaction principale. Selon Crawford  (qui cite <em></em><a title="alexandre kojeve" href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve">Alexandre Kojève</a>) cette satisfaction du travailleur est <em>le spectacle de sa propre oeuvre à travers le monde effectivement transformé par le travail effectué</em>.</p>
<p>En limitant à un périmètre très restreint le champ d&#8217;intervention du travailleur spécialisé, la division du travail en supprime non seulement les éléments cognitifs mais aussi la perspective générale.   <em></em></p>
<p>En synthèse, la division du travail dont il semblerait que l&#8217;on puisse s&#8217;enorgueillir de la paternité, s&#8217;avère aliénante et contre-productive. Malgré cela, pour des raisons historiques, sociologiques et culturelles, nous, français, y sommes profondément attachés et avons beaucoup de mal à nous en départir.</p>
<p>Il s&#8217;agit pourtant d&#8217;une émancipation essentielle si l&#8217;on veut avoir voix au chapitre dans <a title="economie de la connaissance par peter drucker" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/03/18/leconomie-de-la-connaissance-par-peter-drucker/">l&#8217;économie du 21ème siècle</a>.</p>
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		<title>Sharing Alone with Sherry Turkle</title>
		<link>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/04/29/sharing-alone-with-sherry-turkle/</link>
		<comments>http://thehypertextual.com/2012/04/29/sharing-alone-with-sherry-turkle/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Apr 2012 16:58:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Cecil</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Natives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lifehacking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[presentation]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[This is a awesome talk by Sherry Turkle. Turkle is a professor in the Program in Science, Technology and Society at MIT and the founder and director of the MIT Initiative on Technology and Self. She is the author Alone Together : Why we expect more from technology and less from each other and this [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thehypertextual.com&#038;blog=1223463&#038;post=5079&#038;subd=ceciiil&#038;ref=&#038;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<p>This is a awesome talk by <a title="Shirley Turkle" href="http://www.ted.com/speakers/sherry_turkle.html">Sherry Turkle</a>. Turkle is a professor in the Program in Science, Technology and Society at MIT and the founder and director of the MIT Initiative on Technology and Self.</p>
<p>She is the author <a title="alone together" href="http://alonetogetherbook.com/">Alone Together : Why we expect more from technology and less from each other</a> and this talk introduces the book.</p>
<p>The pitch here : mobile and social take us away from real time conversation. It helps us setting enough distance with each others so that we can control conversation while editing our texting, posts, emails. We can therefore control the image we present about ourselves. As such, these tools not only change the way we do but they also change the way we are.</p>
<p>Profound and powerful it is strongly recommended. I recognized myself in some of the examples and I&#8217;m sure you also will. The second part (as of 09:30mns) is scary in how people wish devices could become more human.</p>
<p>A question to my <a title="social busines forum 2012" href="http://thehypertextual.com/2012/04/29/social-business-2012/">Social Business Activists friends</a> : how do we deal with this on a personal level and on an enterprise one ?</p>
<p>Some transcripts one click away.<span id="more-5079"></span><em></em></p>
<blockquote><p><em>Parents text and email during breakfast while children complain about not having their parents full attention. And the same children deny each others their full attention as they&#8217;re texting (therefore are not together) while they are together. </em></p>
<p><em>We remove ourselves from grief and revery and go into our phone. Why does it matter ? It matters to me because we&#8217;re setting ourselves into troubles. Troubles in how we relate to each other but also troubles in how we relate to ourselves, our capacity for self reflection.</em></p>
<p><em>This fifty year old business man told me he feels he doesn&#8217;t have colleagues anymore at work. When he goes to work, he doesn&#8217;t stop to talk to anybody, he does not call, he says he doesn&#8217;t want to interrupt his colleagues because they&#8217;re too busy on their email. But then he stops himself and says I&#8217;m not telling you the truth. Actually I&#8217;m the one who doesn&#8217;t want to be interrupted.</em></p>
<p><em>People want to control the distance with their relationships : not too close, not too far, just right. But what might be right for this middle age businessman might be a problem for an adolescent that needs face to face relationship. </em></p>
<p><em>A 18 year old who does everything via texting told me &#8220;someday, but certainly not now, I would love to learn how to have a conversation&#8221;. When I ask what&#8217;s wrong with having a conversation, people say : &#8220;it takes place in real time, and you can&#8217;t control what&#8217;s you&#8217;re gonna say.&#8221; That&#8217;s the bottom line : texting, email, posting, all these things help us present ourselves as we want to be. We get to edit and that&#8217;s mean we get to delete, and we get to retouch, not too little, not too much, just right.</em></p>
<p><em> Human relationships are rich, messy and demanding. We&#8217;re cleaning them up with technology. We sacrifice conversation for mere connection. We seem to stop caring.<br />
</em></p>
<p><em>That feeling that no one is listening to me is very important in our relationship with technology. This feeling makes us want to spend time with machines that seems to care about us. We expect more from technology and less from each other. Technology appeals us most where we are most vulnerable. We&#8217;re lonely but we are afraid of intimacy. We are designing technology that gives us the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship. We turn to technology to keep us connected in ways we can easily control.</em></p>
<p><em>Constant connection is changing the way people think of themselves. It&#8217;s shaping a new human being. The best way to describe it is : &#8220;I share therefore I am&#8221;. We use technology to define ourselves by sharing our thoughts and feelings. Before it was, I have a feeling, I want to make a call. Now it&#8217;s : &#8220;I want to have a feeling, I need to send a text&#8221;.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Wonderful speak, do yourself a favor and spend the 20 mns of this TED talk.</p>
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